Empirical Evidence & Observational Mapping
This page connects verified observations and known
empirical tensions in modern physics to their interpretation under
the Universal Discrete Energy Lattice (UDEL) framework.
UDEL does not discard observational data; it reinterprets it using one structural postulate: physical propagation is discrete and adjacency-limited.
UDEL does not discard observational data; it reinterprets it using one structural postulate: physical propagation is discrete and adjacency-limited.
Established Observation
Reanalysis under UDEL
Prediction
Falsifier
Scope (what this page is / is not)
✔ A structured observational map and a falsifiable framework.
✔ A living document: we can add new measurements and update statuses.
✘ Not a claim of experimental confirmation.
✘ Not a substitute for peer review.
✘ Not an argument by authority — references here point to the observational inputs.
Evidence Map
A compact overview. Each row links to a deeper section below.
References are listed as short IDs (expand the Reference Index at the bottom).
| Observation / Tension | Status | Standard Interpretation | UDEL Interpretation | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuum Pathologies vacuum energy, renormalization, UV divergence |
Established | Continuum field theories require regularization | Discreteness removes divergence at the mechanism level | SA-Vacuum Weinberg-Λ |
| Dark Matter missing mass, rotation curves, lensing |
Established | Non-baryonic matter component | Gravity sums over adjacent Δτ-slices; EM remains slice-confined | Rubin-Ford LZ-2023 XENONnT-2023 |
| Dark Energy / Acceleration distance–z curve, Λ inference |
Established | Λ term or new fields | Optical artifact if propagation speed varies with path density | Planck-2018 SH0ES-2022 |
| Hubble Tension early vs late Universe inference |
Established | New physics in early Universe or systematics | Reanalysis: variable c and/or slice-geometry can bias inference | Verde-Treu-Riess |
| Inflation Model Proliferation many variants, parameterization |
Established | Inflaton dynamics to solve horizon/flatness | Early super-c from dense adjacency can remove causal horizons | ASPIC |
| JWST Early Galaxies massive galaxies at high z |
Established | Rapid early structure / model tension | Reanalysis: early adjacency regime accelerates causal contact/formation | JWST-2023 |
| Black Hole Singularity GR divergence at r→0 |
Established | Classical GR breaks down | Finite adjacency saturation yields finite core (no divergence) | Hawking-1976 Page-1993 |
| Quantum Measurement collapse / nonlocality puzzle |
Established | Interpretation-dependent | Path combinatorics; measurement as adjacency filtering / path pruning | Bell-1964 Feynman-1948 |
How to read this table (practical)
- “Established” means the observation itself is broadly accepted.
- “Reanalysis” means UDEL proposes a mechanism-level reinterpretation.
- “Prediction” means UDEL expects a measurable signature not required by ΛCDM.
- “Falsifier” means a measurement that would strongly rule out a UDEL claim.
References are anchors to the observational inputs, not endorsements of UDEL conclusions.
Core Reanalysis
Short, web-readable summaries. Each block includes falsifiers and a slot
for equations/citations.
1) Discreteness vs Continuity
UDEL treats propagation as adjacency-limited hops rather than continuous translation.
Divergences and “infinite resolution” artifacts become modeling assumptions, not physical necessities.
Falsifier
A direct experimental signature requiring physically meaningful infinitesimal propagation,
not reproducible by any adjacency-limited discrete model.
2) Dark Matter as Cross-Slice Gravity (Δτ-slices)
UDEL’s compact dimension yields neighboring Δτ-slices:
electromagnetism is slice-confined, while gravity sums across slices.
Missing mass is the gravitational contribution of matter we cannot see electromagnetically.
Falsifier
A robust non-gravitational detection of dark matter (scattering/annihilation signals)
consistent across multiple detectors and astrophysical contexts.
3) Variable c as a Path-Density Effect
If propagation speed is an emergent lattice quantity, then the standard distance–redshift
inference can be biased when applying constant-c assumptions across density environments.
Core UDEL identities (web-short)
1) Local maximum propagation speed (emergent “c”)
\[ c(x)=\frac{\ell(x)}{\Delta t(x)} \] where \(\ell(x)\) is the local hop spacing and \(\Delta t(x)\) is the local lattice tick (the minimum time between allowed hops).
2) Tick from adjacency outflow
\[ \Delta t(x)=\frac{1}{\sum_j T_{ij}(x)} \] Here \(T_{ij}(x)\) is the normalized transition weight from node \(i\) to a neighbor \(j\). Intuitively: more available adjacency channels \(\Rightarrow\) smaller tick \(\Rightarrow\) higher maximum signal speed.
3) What timing instruments actually measure (time-of-flight)
\[ \Delta t_{\text{TOF}}=\int_{\text{path}}\frac{ds}{c(x)} \] This is the direct bridge to observation: FRBs, pulsars, lensing time delays, and GW–EM timing all constrain \(\Delta t_{\text{TOF}}\). Under UDEL, environmental variation in adjacency (and therefore \(\Delta t(x)\)) produces a measurable change in effective propagation speed along the path.
Optional mapping used in the cosmology chapters (state as a modeling link, not a base axiom):
\[ \Delta t(x)\propto \rho_{\text{path}}(x)\quad\Rightarrow\quad c(x)\propto\frac{1}{\rho_{\text{path}}(x)} \]
\[ c(x)=\frac{\ell(x)}{\Delta t(x)} \] where \(\ell(x)\) is the local hop spacing and \(\Delta t(x)\) is the local lattice tick (the minimum time between allowed hops).
2) Tick from adjacency outflow
\[ \Delta t(x)=\frac{1}{\sum_j T_{ij}(x)} \] Here \(T_{ij}(x)\) is the normalized transition weight from node \(i\) to a neighbor \(j\). Intuitively: more available adjacency channels \(\Rightarrow\) smaller tick \(\Rightarrow\) higher maximum signal speed.
3) What timing instruments actually measure (time-of-flight)
\[ \Delta t_{\text{TOF}}=\int_{\text{path}}\frac{ds}{c(x)} \] This is the direct bridge to observation: FRBs, pulsars, lensing time delays, and GW–EM timing all constrain \(\Delta t_{\text{TOF}}\). Under UDEL, environmental variation in adjacency (and therefore \(\Delta t(x)\)) produces a measurable change in effective propagation speed along the path.
Optional mapping used in the cosmology chapters (state as a modeling link, not a base axiom):
\[ \Delta t(x)\propto \rho_{\text{path}}(x)\quad\Rightarrow\quad c(x)\propto\frac{1}{\rho_{\text{path}}(x)} \]
Falsifier
High-precision void timing and/or multi-messenger timing that constrains
Δc/c below UDEL’s required level across density gradients.
Interactions by Scale
UDEL frames the “four forces” as scale-dependent adjacency phenomena. This is presented as
a structural reanalysis with clear future work and falsifiers.
| Interaction | Scale | Adjacency Mechanism | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gravity | Large motifs / bulk | Path-density gradient bias | Reanalysis |
| Electromagnetism | Mid-scale motifs | Phase-coherent loops; slice confinement via decoherence | Reanalysis |
| Strong | Small motifs | Adjacency saturation / confinement-like behavior | Reanalysis |
| Weak | Minimal motifs | Topological rewrite / identity transitions (work in progress) | Speculative |
Falsifier (unification-by-scale)
A single interaction that provably cannot be modeled as an adjacency-scale expression
without adding additional independent postulates beyond the adjacency rule.
Predictions & Falsifiers
Predictions are listed in “instrument language” — what could measure it, and what result would rule it out.
| Prediction | Observable | Status | Falsifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable c in voids | FRB / pulsar timing residuals across void catalogs | Prediction | Constraints pushing Δc/c below required signal across density gradients |
| BAO phase drift | BAO residual phase distortions (DESI / Euclid) | Prediction | BAO phase consistent with constant-c inference across environments |
| GW–EM timing offsets | Multi-messenger arrival-time correlations | Prediction | All events tightly consistent with constant propagation under environment change |
| Finite BH cores | Horizon-scale observables; entropy scaling signatures | Prediction | Strong evidence that singular behavior is physically required (not just GR breakdown) |
Note on timelines
Keep timelines conservative on the site.
You can say “next-generation timing arrays / surveys” without committing to a year.
The page should remain evergreen.
Reference Index (Curated)
Short, stable references used by the IDs across this page. Kept intentionally minimal (2–4 per topic).
Expand Reference Index
Vacuum Energy & Continuity
SA-Vacuum — The Cosmological Constant Problem, Scientific American (Weinberg), 1989
Weinberg-Λ — S. Weinberg, The Cosmological Constant Problem, Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 1 (1989)
Dark Matter (Observational & Experimental)
Rubin-Ford — V. Rubin & W. Ford, Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula, ApJ 159, 379 (1970)
LZ-2023 — LZ Collaboration, First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 041002 (2023)
XENONnT-2023 — XENON Collaboration, Latest Results from the XENONnT Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 041001 (2023)
Dark Energy & the Hubble Tension
Planck-2018 — Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 Results. VI. Cosmological Parameters, A&A 641, A6 (2020)
SH0ES-2022 — A. G. Riess et al., A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant, ApJL 934, L7 (2022)
Verde-Treu-Riess — L. Verde, T. Treu, A. G. Riess, Tensions between the Early and Late Universe, Nature Astronomy 3, 891–895 (2019)
Inflation & Early Universe Structure
ASPIC — J. Martin et al., The Inflationary Landscape after Planck, Phys. Dark Univ. 5–6, 75–235 (2014)
JWST-2023 — JWST ERS Teams, Early Galaxy Candidates at Redshifts z > 10, Nature Astronomy (2023)
Black Holes & Information
Hawking-1976 — S. Hawking, Breakdown of Predictability in Gravitational Collapse, Phys. Rev. D 14, 2460 (1976)
Page-1993 — D. Page, Information in Black Hole Radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3743 (1993)
Quantum Foundations
Bell-1964 — J. S. Bell, On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics 1, 195–200 (1964)
Feynman-1948 — R. P. Feynman, Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 367 (1948)
Notes on Reference Use
These references establish observational and conceptual baselines, not endorsement of UDEL.
UDEL’s contribution lies in reinterpretation, not data replacement.
References are chosen for recognizability, authority, and longevity.
SA-Vacuum — The Cosmological Constant Problem, Scientific American (Weinberg), 1989
Weinberg-Λ — S. Weinberg, The Cosmological Constant Problem, Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 1 (1989)
Dark Matter (Observational & Experimental)
Rubin-Ford — V. Rubin & W. Ford, Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula, ApJ 159, 379 (1970)
LZ-2023 — LZ Collaboration, First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 041002 (2023)
XENONnT-2023 — XENON Collaboration, Latest Results from the XENONnT Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 041001 (2023)
Dark Energy & the Hubble Tension
Planck-2018 — Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 Results. VI. Cosmological Parameters, A&A 641, A6 (2020)
SH0ES-2022 — A. G. Riess et al., A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant, ApJL 934, L7 (2022)
Verde-Treu-Riess — L. Verde, T. Treu, A. G. Riess, Tensions between the Early and Late Universe, Nature Astronomy 3, 891–895 (2019)
Inflation & Early Universe Structure
ASPIC — J. Martin et al., The Inflationary Landscape after Planck, Phys. Dark Univ. 5–6, 75–235 (2014)
JWST-2023 — JWST ERS Teams, Early Galaxy Candidates at Redshifts z > 10, Nature Astronomy (2023)
Black Holes & Information
Hawking-1976 — S. Hawking, Breakdown of Predictability in Gravitational Collapse, Phys. Rev. D 14, 2460 (1976)
Page-1993 — D. Page, Information in Black Hole Radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3743 (1993)
Quantum Foundations
Bell-1964 — J. S. Bell, On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics 1, 195–200 (1964)
Feynman-1948 — R. P. Feynman, Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 367 (1948)
Notes on Reference Use
These references establish observational and conceptual baselines, not endorsement of UDEL.
UDEL’s contribution lies in reinterpretation, not data replacement.
References are chosen for recognizability, authority, and longevity.